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The lending is often indirect, through a financial intermediary such as a bank, or via the purchase of notes or bonds ( corporate bonds, government bonds, or mutual bonds) in the bond market. The owners of both bonds and stock may be institutional investorsВ вЂ“ financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds вЂ“ or private individuals, called private investors or retail investors. (ii) by a corporation selling equity, also called stock or shares (which may take various forms: preferred stock or common stock).

(i) by borrowing in the form of a loan (private individuals), or by selling government or corporate bonds Correspondingly, an entity where income is less than expenditure can raise capital usually in one of two ways: In general, an entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess, intending to earn a fair return. Individuals, companies and governments must obtain money from some external source, such as loans or credit, when they lack sufficient funds to operate. Savers and investors have money available which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use. 'Finance' thus studies the process of channeling money from savers and investors to entities that need it. See also: Financial services, financial market, and Circular flow of incomeДЄs above, the financial system consists of the flows of capital that take place between individuals and households ( personal finance), governments ( public finance), and businesses ( corporate finance). In the late 20th and early 21st century, the global financial system was formed.

Qualitative finance theories were first proposed in the 20th century, starting with Louis Bachelier's thesis. Ancient and medieval civilizations are known to have done basic finance functions, such as banking, trading, and accounting. The history of finance may begin with the history of money, which is prehistoric. These fields are the foundation of business and accounting. Some fields are multidisciplinary, such as mathematical finance, financial law, financial economics, financial engineering and financial technology. In some cases, theories in finance can be tested using the scientific method, covered by experimental finance. Financial analysis is viability, stability, and profitability assessment of an action or entity. Asset, money, risk and investment management aim to maximize value and minimize volatility. In practice, risks are always present in any financial action and entities.ДЄ broad range of subfields within finance exist due to its wide scope. Assets can also be banked, invested, and insured to maximize value and minimize loss. In a financial system, assets are bought, sold, or traded as financial instruments, such as currencies, loans, bonds, shares, stocks, options, futures, etc. Finance activities take place in financial systems at various scopes, thus the field can be roughly divided into personal, corporate, and public finance. It is related with, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services. Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets.

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